Article Disease­ defying spuds exiled from Europe †again...

Article: Disease ­ defying spuds exiled from Europe – again by Andy Coghlan The issue written in this article is regarding the banning and lack of approval for blight-resistant potatoes in the european union. Late potato blight, a potato disease caused by the the eukaryotic microorganism phytophthora infestans, is a significant cause for loss of crop and yield by potato farmers. Looking back to the past, the blight was responsible for the catastrophic Irish Great Famine of the 1840s causing eradication of their main food source, potatoes. As a result of the blight, potatoes become rotten and unsafe for human consumption. Late potato blight today is still a serious issue because it has caused the loss of $5.9 billion dollars of potatoes†¦show more content†¦In other situations, like devastating crop damage due to insect pests, proteins specifically toxic to the pests may be engineered in to cause fatality within the insect, as in the case of Bt corn. Opponents of g enetically modified crops, or anti-GMO, state that the health effects of genetically modified crops are unknown and potentially hazardous to human beings. This health effect is not known because the genetically modified crops are a relatively new technology and it would require an extensive period of time to study the chronic effects, if any, of the GM crops. Given the limited data available, it is reasonable that some individuals may caution the use of GM crops. However, given that there will be future case studies and evaluations of GM crops, it is unlikely that the GM crops will cause any different health effects than normal crops. Anti-GMO groups also state that GMO crops are costly for farmers and the consumers. In addition, these groups, like GeneWatch, lobby the government in support of anti-GMO laws. I support the case for genetically modified crops and organisms. Genetically modified crops are the fruit of countless hours of research by researchers who work tirelessly in the pursuit of a world in which food is more sustainable for human beings. The reason why I support the development of GMOS is due to the fact that in light of our continually growing human species, genetically modified crops are necessary to

Advantages of Internet for Students Free Essays

Advantages Of Internet For Students Nevertheless, students and teachers have experienced following 10 advantages of Internet. 1. Assortment of Information Lots of information of different kinds is kept on the web server on the Net. We will write a custom essay sample on Advantages of Internet for Students or any similar topic only for you Order Now This means that millions web sites include various data in the shape of images and text. On every subject of the planet information can be easily collected by you. For this function, special sites, called search engines can be found on the Internet to search data of each and every subject of the planet. . Online Medical Guidance Several web sites will also be on the Web to obtain details about various conditions. You are able to consult with a cell of on-line physicians to obtain guidance about any medical problem. In addition, lots of material can also be on the Web for research in medical industry. 3. Looking for Jobs You are able to search various kinds of jobs throughout their vacant vacancies are advertised by the world, Most of the organizations/departments around the world, on the web. The search engines will also be employed to search the jobs on the web. You are able to make an application for the necessary work through the Web. 4. Communication You are able to keep in touch with other through Internet all over the world. You could speak by seeing to 1 another; only you’re speaking with your pals in your drawing room. For this function, various services are supplied on the Internet such as; speaking, video conferencing, Email and Internet telephone an such like. 5. Information The Web enables students to see the most recent news on a particular topic they’re learning. If they’re learning American politics they may do an information search and discover what is happening on the planet of politics at that very time. It will help them link what they’re understanding how to real life. Additionally, it may keep them thinking about a topic. 6. Online Training The facility is provided by the internet to obtain an online training. Several web sites of different colleges offer lessons and classes on different subjects or subjects. You may also obtain these classes or lessons in your personal computer. You are able to hear these classes repeatedly and obtain a large amount of understanding. It’s very simple and cheap method to get training. 7. Encyclopedia Occasionally, encyclopedia mightn’t constantly be accessible to individuals and so they might have trouble with in getting the use of the actual guides within the selection. If that’s the case, the encyclopedia of various topics on the Web could be useful. 8. Online Railway and Airplane Schedules Today, railway and several Airline businesses offer their timing of trains and routes respectively on the web. 9. Online Results Today, all of the training boards and colleges present result on the web. Their results can be watched by the students from any kind of nation or world. 10. Advertisement Today, products are advertised by most of the commercial organizations through Internet. It’s effective and inexpensive method for the marketing of goods. The services and products could be given lovely and attractive method to the people round the world. How to cite Advantages of Internet for Students, Essay examples

Conformational Disease From Biochemical †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Conformational Disease From Biochemical? Answer: Introducation Phosphoglycerate kinase deficiency is an inherited metabolic disorder that rarely occurs in humans, marked by the deficiency of the enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK). It is a group of metabolic muscle diseases interfering with the carbohydrate metabolism within the body, and eventually the production of energy for normal body functioning. The enzyme is accountable for breaking down of glycogen molecule within the body. PGK is a valuable enzyme involved in the glycolytic pathway that carries out the catalysis of the conversion of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate into psychology cerate and generation ATP. PGK is in competition with the enzyme diphosphoglycerate mutase (DPGM) for the substrate 1,3 DPG in the reaction. The alternative routing of glycolytic intermediates is known as the energy clutch of glycolysis. When glycolysis takes place, the simple sugar molecules are broken down to give rise to energy in the form of ATP. It is to be noted that the enzyme is ubiquitous as its expression is found in all tissues with the exception of testes. The deficiency is an inborn error that is inherited in an X-linked manner. The gene whose mutation leads to this deficiency is Xq13, present on the X chromosome. Different mutations have been identified though the factors for clinical manifestations are still unknown (1). Mutations taking place in the PGK1 gene leads to a reduction of the activity of phosphoglycerate kinase, thereby disrupting the production of energy. Th ultimate result is cell death or cell damage. There is little information on the reasons for this abnormality to preferentially impact brain cells in some people and red blood cells in others. Symptoms of this disorder include haemolytic anaemia that is lower levels of circulating red blood cells, the impaired condition of speech and writing, impaired condition of intellectual ability, pain and stiffness due to exercise, spleen enlargement and hemiplegia or paralysis of the body on one side (2). Research Present research on phosphoglycerate kinase deficiency is going on across the globe with a special focus on the invention of a better diagnosis method that would permit early-stage identification of at-risk individuals. Animal models are being developed that would help in understanding the disease in a better manner. Development of gene therapies and enzyme replacement therapies are also on the ist of objectives for further research (3). Diagnosis The three primary features of phosphoglycerate kinase deficiency are an intellectual disability, hemolytic anaemia and muscle problems. A person suffering from this disease might be affected by more than one of the mentioned characteristics; however, all the three signs are rare to be present in one individual. It is to be noted that most of the patients suffering this condition are affected to a moderate level. The disorder is completely expressed in males only while heterozygous females suffer from mild haemolytic anaemia with no signs of intellectual disability or myopathy. Myopathy along with muscle plain, cramps and stiffness are indicated in young male and adolescents. Myoglobinuria is seen in cases of severe episodes (4). The diagnosis is done based on physical examination, and laboratory results confirm the same. Biochemical studies involve an indication of low muscle PGK enzyme activity and low erythrocyte (below 25% and 23% respectively). The differential diagnosis must inc lude other causative factors for hereditary nonspherocytic hemolytic anaemia. Molecular prenatal diagnosis is usually done for an index case. Business of the disease is possible at birth if enzymatic testing is carried out. Treatment Treatment of PGK deficiency commonly takes into consideration iron supplements together with blood transfusions depending on the severity of the patient condition. A splenectomy is an option for patients who have enlargement of the spleen, and this method has been proved to be effective for some cases. It is very important that an individual avoids strenuous exercise when there is an indication of muscle breakdown and under such conditions, special care is required to be taken. The neurologic crisis demands complete rest so that life-threatening situations do not arise. When there is severe neurological deterioration, bone marrow transplant is an option (5). Genetic counselling has been indicated to show some benefits for the patients as well as their families. Other treatment options are supportive (6). Policy The Australian Research Council has constantly been supporting the research on different significant topics in relation to metabolism, which includes PGK deficiency. As per the Australian Research Council (ARC) Medical Research Policy funding is being allocated for future research. This funding is either directly or in collaboration with the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC). The policy requires research to be done on aspects of therapeutic approaches and bioengineering, which are essential aspects of PGK deficiency research (7). References Tamai M, Kawano T, Saito R, Sakurai K, Saito Y, Yamada H et al. Phosphoglycerate kinase deficiency due to a novel mutation (c. 1180AG) manifesting as chronic hemolytic anemia in a Japanese boy. International Journal of Hematology. 2014;100(4):accounting. Chiarelli L, Morera S, Bianchi P, Fermo E, Zanella A, Galizzi A et al. Molecular Insights on Pathogenic Effects of Mutations Causing Phosphoglycerate Kinase Deficiency. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(2):e32065. Lopez-Manzaneda S, Torres R, Olivier E, Garcia-Torralba A, Sanchez-Dominguez R, Alberquilla O, Mountford J, Ramirez JC, Bueren JA, Segovia JC. Modelling pyruvate kinase deficiency in human progenitors using crispr/cas9. Haematologica 2017 Jun 26;102: 446-446. Pey AL, Maggi M, Valentini G. Insights into human phosphoglycerate kinase 1 deficiency as a conformational disease from biochemical, biophysical, and in vitro expression analyses. Journal of inherited metabolic disease. 2014 Nov 1;37(6):909-16. Garcia-Gomez M, Calabria A, Garcia-Bravo M, Benedicenti F, Kosinski P, Lpez-Manzaneda S, Hill C, del Mar Mau-Pereira M, Martn MA, Orman I, Vives-Corrons JL. Safe and efficient gene therapy for pyruvate kinase deficiency. Molecular Therapy. 2016 Jul 1;24(7):1187-98. Saudubray JM, Baumgartner MR, Walter J, editors. Inborn metabolic diseases: diagnosis and treatment. Management; 2016 Nov 10. ARC Medical Research Policy | Australian Research Council [Internet]. Arc.gov.au. 2017 [cited 16 September 2017]. Available from: https://www.arc.gov.au/arc-medical-research-policy

Money and work performance

Introduction The idea of public service motivation can offer a partial explanation to this analysis. The Ideal of Public Service by O’Toole clearly demonstrates main differences between traditional and modern approaches to the study of what motivate people.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Money and work performance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The traditional approach to a public service as an idea was a worthy thing to do, and a prescribed behaviour expected of public officials. Contemporary public service motivation approaches are using empirical research to discover why people seek jobs and remain in the public service, and whether the assumptions of earlier theories are correct (O’Toole, 2000). The idea and ideal of public service motivation is that those in official positions of public authority regard the interests of the whole society as being the guiding influence over all public decisio n-making, that their personal, class, or group interests are to be set aside when making decisions. In addition, they are public servants purely out of a perceived duty to serve the public. This idea emanated from earlier works of Aristotle and Plato which were Politics and Republic respectively. Public officials set aside personal interests. The idea is that he sees it as his duty to serve his community. The duty to serve the community surpasses a commitment to family, tribe, or self. Aristotle realized that it would be probably unrealistic and impossible for a man, naturally, a selfish animal, to do that, but as an ideal, it would have both inspirational and motivational force. Adam Smith, a moral philosopher and father of modern economic, filled the gap between naturalism and utilitarianism. He gave the natural order first school and individuals in the second. In his work of Moral Sentiments, he identifies six motives, which naturally derive human conducts. These are self-love, s ympathy, the desire to be free, a sense of propriety, a habit of labour, and the propensity to exchange, or trade (Roll, 1954). From these motives, he portrays a man as the best judge of his own best situations, and given a chance, he will not only get his own best advantage and balance his motives, but also strive for the common good. Types of motivational bases Some scholars have argued that there are three types of motivational bases, such as rational base motive, this includes participation in the processes such as policy formulation, commitment to programmes, and advocacy for a special or private interest.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The norm-based motive considers issues such as a desire to serve the public interest, loyalty to duty, and the government and social equity. Finally, the affective motive type of motivational base includes a commitment to programmes fro m a genuine conviction about its social importance, and patriotism of benevolence. These scholars further propose that people should connect their work motivation to individuals’ performance. For productive workers, managers should carefully attend to these different types of motivational base. Management should shift their focus to physical surroundings, concerns, and crises that may arise in work or personal lives. Accidents, diseases, and hazards such as stress generally result in low productivity and inefficiency, high turnover, absenteeism, and medical claims. When there is a deliberate effort by the workplace to reduce the incidence of these, both the agency and the employees benefit. There is a greater productivity when there is a healthier workforce, and a better quality of work life. â€Å"Many experts argue that people do their best work when they are motivated by a sense of purpose rather than the pursuit of money†. Explanation and critical evaluation Theore tical approaches We can look at this issue critically from the existing theories that support the idea of work and motivation. Equity Theory We can also refer to this theory as inequality theory. The main motivating force behind this theory is to strive for equity due to perceived degree of inequity. The equity theory operates on the principle of exchanges i.e. inputs and investment and outcomes. Employer must recognize the existence of these inputs and consider them relevant for them to function. If they are not, then a potential case of inequity may exist. Outcomes are various things an individual may receive. Inequity exists whereby the ratio of an individual’s outcomes to inputs departs to a significant degree from the ration perceived. Workers may feel under-rewarded if their inputs into a job are higher than what other workers put. Usually, this happens in cases where a worker considers himself hardworking, but has same or low salary as his colleagues. This theory does not limit itself to inequities that do not favour individuals alone. Equity, balance, or reciprocity exists when outcome and input ratios for the individual and the reference source are equal. Conversely, and the motivating force of inequity occurs when there is a departure either way from this steady state.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Money and work performance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More From this theory, we can assert that money, which is a reward, may be the main cause of motivation in working rather than sense of purpose. Thus, a poorly paid employee will not perform at his best when the reward (money) is also poor. Goal-setting theory Goal-setting theory relates higher levels of intended achievements to higher levels of performances. Theory further stretches that when an individual has specific goals or standards of performance to meet, the performance effects would be more pronounced than when sp ecific goals are missing. Goal achievement leads to the pleasurable emotional state we call satisfaction; failure to achieve a goal leads to un-pleasurable state of dissatisfaction. Goal commitment focuses on performance as a direct consequence form of motivation. However, a commitment to a goal depends on a set of factors, such as authority, peer groups, publicness of goal statement, incentives, punishments, satisfaction, goal intensity, competition, and attribution. These sets of factors may influence the commitment level of perceived ability or expectancy of attaining a given goal. Although scholars have taken several positions with regard to goal-setting and motivation, the theory does not make any assumptions based on the effectiveness of varied methods individuals may use to set their goals. The focus of theory is on motivational mechanisms rather than the methods used for setting goals. Therefore, we can say that the theory does not regard money has the basis of the best perf ormance but rather the commitment to goal achievement. Two-factor theory Frederick Herzberg prefers to refer to this theory as motivation-hygiene. Two-factor theory has a dual nature approach to sources of job satisfaction, and finally job motivation. This theory considers job satisfaction as an â€Å"outgrowth of achievement, recognition (verbal), work (challenging), responsibility, and advancement (promotion)† (Frederick, 1966). The presence of all these in a job â€Å"satisfy basic needs, positive feeling and improved performance will occur† (Frederick, 1966). There are five intrinsic aspects of the work itself that satisfy personal growth and self-actualization (Frederick, 1966). Job dissatisfactions results under conditions where work takes place and these conditions may include company policies, administrative practices, supervision, interpersonal relations, working environment (physical), job security, benefits, and salary. We refer to these as hygiene factors.A dvertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Availability of these factors eliminates job dissatisfaction and improves performance, up to a certain level. For exceptional achievement, management must now turn to motivation. Job must provide an enabling environment for workers so that they can achieve meaningful goals. This is the intrinsic scope of work. Employees must have control over the job to enable them realise a sense of personal growth and achievement. From Herzberg’s point of view, money is not among the five intrinsic scope of motivation. Money only features in cases where it may be the cause of job dissatisfaction. In short, we do not need money to perform the best work. Vroom’s Theory of Work and Motivation Vroom’s theory puts forward the idea that people tend to prefer certain goals or outcomes over others. Experiences of feelings of satisfaction relate to certain outcomes (valence). Employees prefer a positive valence as an outcome and vice verse (Vroom, 1964). Intrinsic motivation is the des ire for competence and self-determination. Workers can achieve a sense of motivation by freely choosing work or what to do. This enhances a sense of self-determination and competence through the use of positive feedback. Money is a part of extrinsic reward. Employees highly regard extrinsic rewards because of control and informational (feedback) aspects they possess. Motivation will only occur where there is a noticeable and positive feedback. Thus, money is essential in motivating workers perform their best but not among the intrinsic drives that motivate people to work. Money and Motivation Houran notes that people should not work without payment (Houran 2012). Pursuing money to cater for the family and offer the necessary comfort and security is reasonable and is different from seeking money with ill motives. People should earn fair wages depending on works they do. Likewise, employers should also know about this. Thus, money becomes the centre of focus between the employer and e mployee, which should not be the case. This because most of the above theories indicate that money is necessary but not an intrinsic source of motivation and best job performance. Scholars have concluded that money involve two main issues. First, money as an incentive is necessary but also relies on the organisation and working conditions to make it effective. Organisations have different cultures of rewarding their employees with money. Organisations should learn under what conditions financial incentives become effective. They must also note changes such incentives draw from employees. Second, financial rewards work best when employees receive them as groups. This is because most organisations insist on team works for best performances. This implies that organisations that have cultures of rewarding individuals only serve to encourage individualism and disregard for team work. Therefore, for an organisation to maintain high productivity, it must reward people as groups or teams. W e have established that money is not the most important or effective source of motivating employees. There are other forms of motivation that organisations can apply so as to motivate their workforces. According to job characteristics theory, there are five main ways an organisation can motivate its workforce. Management can enhance work motivation by implementing these factors among employees so that they can perform at their best. Autonomy, this is where employees have personal feelings of responsibility for their works and considers the outcomes their own. Task significance, the job has significance influence over employees. Task identity, people prefer to use their personally valued skills to complete a task. The employee can notice a sense of a job beginning and ending. Thus, he can see the final transformation product of his work. Variety, the worker derives motivation from performing a number of truly challenging tasks. Thus, the worker must use his different and important se t of skills. Feedback, this shows the level of a task accomplishment. The feedback may come from a work itself or from the manager. A part from the above factors, employees can also get job motivation from rotation. This mainly works to eliminate job boredom and monotony. It may involve performing different roles in an organisation periodically. Job rotation offers the balance and employee needs in order to avoid job boredom and enhance job satisfaction and motivation. Management may use these factors to enhance motivation and job experience among workers. However, some factors like individual trait and motives influence the work outcome and motivation. Therefore, any plan to enhance job motivation and best performances require careful planning. Conclusion Holzer and Callahan argue that institutions that have been the recipients of exemplary awards use various state-of-the-art approaches for motivating people (Holzer and Callahan, 1998). People recognise money has important motivato r, but it is not the only motivator. High-achieving agencies integrate human, resource management policies, plans and processes. Many workers get motivation from the desire to find someplace where management recognise their qualities, regarded as human beings with aspirations, where they experience the purpose of their work, and where they have the opportunity to be consulted on matters that have impacts on their working lives. Factors such as improved working and relationship management, communication, training to improve skills, and improving the physical, working environment may all serve to motivate the workforce in any working environment. Strategic motivation should consider the old theories of motivational to be important, but strategic motivation goes beyond these methods and techniques. Identification, recognition, and application are some of the modern, dynamic systems of motivation that can create a mission-driven team of performers. According to Farazmand, some of the ex amples of these high-road and visionary motivational forces include (Farazmand, 2002), Creation and instilment of a â€Å"real purpose† of â€Å"public service† among strategic person; Promotion of trust with a promise of future career beyond the narrow notion of â€Å"careerism,† a sense of belonging to the organization, to the cause they serve, and to their nation as well as to the faith they cherish; Maintaining a sound compensation system that is both equitable and efficient in order to not only prevent organizational brain drain but also attract the most competent talents to the public service; Create an inter-organizational mobility and rotation system that would enable both organizations and strategic personnel to move freely without obstacles; and Promote the â€Å"knowledge and skill-base† of these strategic people periodically to keep them up to date and equipped with the cutting-edge knowledge they need to manage, and function, in the organiza tions in the information age. This can be done by in-service training programs, seminars, conferences, and workshops (Farazmand, 2002). Reference List Daft, R. 2010, Organization Theory and Design, 10th ed, South – Western College, Cincinnati, Ohio. Farazmand, A. 2002, Modern Organizations: Theory and Practice, Praeger Publishers, Westport, CT. Frederick, H. 1966, Work and the Nature of Man, World Press, Cleveland. Holzer, M. and Callahan, K. 1998, Government at Work: Best Practices and Model Programs, Sage, Thousand Oaks, California. Houran, J. n.d., Money and Employee Motivation. Web. McClelland, D. 1985, ‘How Motives, Skills, and Values Determine What People Do’, American Psychologist, vol. 3 no. 40, pp. 812–25. O’Toole, B. 2000, The Ideal of Public Service: Reflections on the Higher Civil Service in Britain, Routledge, Abingdon, UK. Roll, E. 1954, History of economic thought, Faber and Faber, London. Vroom, V. 1964, Work and Motivation, Wiley, New York. This essay on Money and work performance was written and submitted by user Ada O. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Calcium Carbonate and Ca2+ Ions Essays

Calcium Carbonate and Ca2+ Ions Essays Calcium Carbonate and Ca2+ Ions Paper Calcium Carbonate and Ca2+ Ions Paper Experiment. EDTA Titration of Ca2+ in an unknown solution Experiment. EDTA Titration of Ca2+ in an unknown water sample Modified 9/2012 Objective: The most common multivalent metal ions in natural waters are Ca2+ and Mg2+. In this experiment, you will find the total concentration of calcium ions that can react with EDTA with the assumptions that EDTA reacts 1:1 with metal (Ca2+) ions. Equipment 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask (3) 50-mL Buret Ring-stand and hardware Desiccator 400-mL Beaker 500-mL Vol. flask 250-mL Vol. flask 1. 0-mL Vol Pipette 100-mL Grad cylinder Hot plate Safety and Waste Disposal Chemicals Buffer (pH 10): Add 142 mL of 28 wt % aqueous NH3 to 17. 5 g of NH4Cl and dilute to 250 mL with water. Eriochrome black T indicator: Dissolve 0. 2 g of the solid indicator in 15 mL of triethanolamine plus 5 mL of absolute ethanol. 50 wt % NaOH: Dissolve 100 g of NaOH in 100 g of H2O in a 250-mL plastic bottle. Store tightly capped. When you remove solution with a pipet, try not to disturb the solid Na2CO3 precipitate. Discussion: Hard water is due to metal ions (minerals) that are dissolved in the ground water. These minerals include Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+, SO42-, and HCO3-. Generally hard water arises because rainwater moves through limestone, CaCO3 underground that occurs in our area to the aquifer. This is why we measure hardness in terms of CaCO3. The concentration of the Ca2+ ions is greater than the concentration of any other metal ion in our water. The determination of water hardness is routinely used to measure the quality of water that the general public uses. Originally, water hardness was defined as the measure of the capacity of the water to precipitate soap. Hard water is not a health hazard since the main chemical in hard water is calcium. People regularly take calcium supplements. In fact, hard water can be a source of necessary minerals (calcium and magnesium) that is necessary for good health. Indeed, the National Academy of Science go so far as stating that that consuming extremely hard water could be a major contributor of calcium and magnesium to the diet. The problem with hard water is that it cause soap scum, clog pipes and clog boilers. Soap scum is formed when the calcium ion binds with the soap. This causes an insoluble compound that precipitates to form the scum you see. Soap actually softens hard water by removing the Ca2+ ions from the water. When hard water is heated, CaCO3 precipitates out, which then clogs pipes and industrial boilers. This leads to malfunction or damage and is expensive to remove. There are two types of water hardness, temporary and permanent. Temporary hardness is due to the bicarbonate ion, HCO3-, being present in the water. This type of hardness can be removed by boiling the water to expel the CO2, as indicated by the following equation: HCO3- (aq) ? H2O (l) + CO2 (g). Because bicarbonate can be removed it is classified as temporary hardness. Permanent hardness is due to the presence of the ions Ca2+, Mg+2, Fe3+ and SO4-2. Because boiling cannot eliminate this type of hardness, the water is said to be permanently hard. The table below shows the degree of hardness of the water in terms of its calcium carbonate concentration in ppm and grains. Hardness rating Soft Medium Hard Hard Very Hard Concentration of Calcium Carbonate (mg/L or ppm) 0 75 75 to 150 150 to 300 300 and greater Concentration of Calcium Carbonate (grains/US gallon) 0 to 5. 2 5. 2 to 10. 5 10. 5 to 21 21 and greater Permanent hardness is usually determined by titrating it with a standard solution of ethylenediamminetetraacetic acid, EDTA. The EDTA is a complexing, or chelating agent used to capture the metal ions. This causes water to soften, but the metal ions however, are not removed from the water. EDTA simply binds the metal ions so that the ions do not precipitate to form soap scum. EDTA is a versatile chelating agent. A chelating agent is a substance whose molecules can form several bonds to a single metal ion. Chelating agents are multidentate ligands. A ligand is a substance that binds with a metal ion to form a complex ion. Multi-dentate ligands are many clawed, holding onto the metal ion to form a very stable complex. EDTA can form four or six bonds with a metal ion. It is frequently used in soaps and detergents because it forms complexes with calcium and magnesium ions. The ions in hard water are bound to the EDTA and cannot interfere with the cleaning action of the soap or detergent. EDTA is also used in foods. Certain enzymes are responsible for food spoilage. EDTA is used to remove metal ions from these enzymes. It is used to promote color retention in dried bananas, beans, chick peas, canned clams, pecan pie filling, frozen potatoes and canned shrimp. It is used to improve flavor retention in canned carbonated beverages, beer, salad dressings, mayonnaise, margarine, and sauces. It inhibits rancidity in salad dressings, mayonnaise, sauces and salad spreads. In this lab you will be asked to determine the total permanent hardness. EDTA grabs all the metal ions in the water, not just the Ca2+ ions. This gives us a value that is not truly the concentration of Ca2+ ions. This causes an experimental error of about 1%, which is acceptable due to the fuzzy endpoints in this type of titration. Erio-T indicator or Eriochrome Black-T indicator is used in this titration. When it is chelated or acidifies, it produces a Pink-Red solution. When it is not chelated and under basic conditions it is Blue. The three pictures show the end point in this titration. There is a 1-drop difference of 0. 01 M EDTA between the first and second pictures and between the second and third pictures. Two or three seconds were allowed for colors in the second and third pictures to develop after adding the additional drop. In each case the solution was thoroughly mixed. This color change from wine red to violet to blue is due to the compact nature of the complex. Experiment. EDTA Titration of Ca2+ in an unknown solution PROCEDURE Modified 9/2012 1. Dry Na2H2EDTA. 2H2O (FM 372. 24) at 80 ° C for 1 h and cool in the desiccator. Accurately weigh out ~ 0. 6 g and dissolve it with heating in 400 mL of water in a beaker. Cool to room temperature pour into a 500-mL volumetric flask. , mix and dilute to the mark. 2. You should practice finding the end point several times by adding a little tap water in a clean beaker and titrating with EDTA. Save a solution at the end point to use as a color comparison for other titrations. 3. Pipet a 1-mL sample of unknown into a 250-mL flask and fill to the mark with deionized water. Mix thoroughly. From this 250-mL stock solution draw 4, 50mL aliquot samples and place each aliquot in 250mL Erlenmeyer flasks. To each sample, add 3 mL of pH 10 buffer and 6 drops of Eriochrome black T indicator. To the first 50-ml solution, titrate with EDTA from a 50-mL buret and note when the color changes from wine red to blue. 4. Repeat the titration with the next three samples to find an accurate value of the total Ca2+ concentration. Perform a blank titration with 50 mL of distilled water and subtract the value of the blank from each result. 5. Upon completion of the experiment, discard all solution in a chemical waste bottle and wash out the glassware. Be sure to dry your buret in the upside down position. _________________________________________________________ Calculations – Analysis: Analyte Ca2+ The reaction of Ca2+ ions with H2EDTA2- takes place with a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio: Ca2+ + EDTA2- ? At the end point of the titration, 1-equivalent of Ca2+ reacts with one equivalent of H2EDTA2-. 1 eqv Ca2+ = 1 eqv H2EDTA2-; equivalent Ca2+ = [H2EDTA2-] Vol EDTA CaH2EDTA. Recall that the analyte (we call this unknown solution) was prepared by taking exactly 1-mL of the unknown solution and diluting in a 250-mL volumetric flask (we will call this the stock solution) 50-mL aliquot (call this the analyte) of this solution was then titrated against EDTA. Note that the analyte concentration is equal to the stock solution concentration. The mass Ca2+ in 1 mL aliquot unknown: Mass of Ca2+ in 50mL Sample = H 2EDTA2? $ Vol EDTA $ = mol H 2EDTA2- = mol Ca2+in 50mL Analyte # % # % Mass of Ca2+ in 1mL of unknown = mol Ca2+ ? 250mL aliquot Ca2+ __ g Ca2+ ? 50mL Analyte mol ? ? Dilution Factor Atomic mass Ca Mass of Ca2+ in 1 L solution: Mass Ca2+ in 1 L = mass Ca2+ in 1 mL Aliquot 1000 mL 1 mL Concentration of unknown by percent (m:v), parts per hundred (m:v) and Molarity (M): Mass Ca in 1mL aliquot Vol aliquot solution used % Ca2+ m:v = 100 ppm Ca2+ m:v = Mass Ca in 1mL aliquot Vol aliquot solution used 106 Molarity Ca2+ = mass Ca2+ in 1mL 1 mol Ca __g Ca ? ? ? molar mass Ca 1 Volume in L of unknown Aliquot used Mass in grams of calcium carbonate unknown in 1L solution: Mass CaCO 3 in 1-L = mass ppt (g) 1 mol CaC 2O 4 H 2O __ g CaC 2O 4 H 2O ? molar mass CaC O H O 2 4 2 1 mol CaCO 3 1 mol CaC 2O 4 H 2O 1 mol CaCO 3 Vol in L of aliquot ? ? ? ? Molar mass CaCO 3 __ g CaCO 3 1L Dilution Factor Statistical Analysis – 1. Report the mean, medium, standard deviations (s), relative standard deviation (RSD), variance (s2) and the 95% confidence interval for your results. 2. 3. 4. Apply the student’s t test at the 95% confidence interval Apply a Q-test to any suspected result. Confidence interval = x + ts n 5. Compare the results of this experiment to the previous experiment, Gravimetric determination of Ca. Apply the Comparison of Means with Student’s t, Case2 (p76) Comparing Replicate Measurements. Do the two methods agree within the 95% confidence interval? â‚ ¬ Test for Outlier Apply a Grubb’s Test and Q-Test for any suspected outliers at 95 % level. See page 83 of text for critical values for 95% confidence. If your results show an anomalous data then use the Q-test to determine if the result should be rejected. Q= (Suspected Value Nearest Value) (Suspected Value Furthest Value) G calc = | Questionable value x| s Table of Data, Results and Statistical Analysis: Calcium Raw Data 1. Unknown number 2 Mass of EDTA used 3 Concentration of EDTA 4 Volume of Unknown Ca2+ Solution 5 Volume EDTA during titration 6 Volume EDTA for blank trials 7 Q-Test (95%) of any outlier Analysis and Results 8 Mass of calcium in 1-mL aliquot (Average) 9 Mass of calcium in 1-L solution (Average) 10 Conc. of calcium, %, ppm (m:v) and Molarity (Average) 11 Mass of calcium carbonate in 1-L (Average) Statistical Analysis 12 Averages and Standard deviations of all results 13 Variance, RSD and CV of all results 14 95% Confidence interval 15 ttable and tcalc for replicate measurements DiscussionThe goal of this experiment was to determine the â€Å"hardness† of the unknown sample by calculating the concentration of calcium ions in an analyte solution. Correcting for dilution factors, the concentration of calcium in the unknown in g/L is to be determined and compared to analysis for calcium by EDTA titration. Statistical analysis is applied to the results. A discussion of this experiment should include the accuracy and precision of this experiment compared to the EDTA titration method. An analysis of a comparison of replicated measurement is performed and discussed. Table of results should include Include in your summary table the following: i) Moles of Ca2+ in the unknown and the average equivalent value. ii) Concentration of [Ca2+ ] in the unknown in molarity, ppm and g/L iv) Mean, standard deviations, RSD and CV for each of the above concentration units. v) Student’s t at the 95% confidence interval vi) Application of a G and Q-test to any suspected result at the 95% level. vii) ttable, tcalc, Conclusion on comparison of replicated measurements. . Experiment. EDTA Titration of Ca2+ in an unknown solution Modified 9/2012 Sample data table. Sample Unknown # ______ Mass Na2EDTA, (g) Molarity Na2EDTA, (M) Vol. unknown, (ml) Buret Volinitial, (ml) Buret Volfinal, (ml) Volume EDTA used, (ml) Vol EDTA for blank, (ml) Corrected Col EDTA, (ml) Trial 1 Mass Ca2+ in 1 ml aliquot (g) Mass Ca2+ in 1-L solution (g) Concentration Ca (%) Concentration Ca (ppm) Molarity Ca2+, unknown (M) Mass calcium carbonate in 1L Q and G Test for Outliner CaCO3 (g/L), unknown Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Average Std dev Variance RSD , CV 95% CL Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Blank Student’s t Analysis: Comparing replicate measurements Analysis A: CaCO3 (g/L) 1 2 3 4 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Avg Avg X1bar X2bar Sqrt ((n1*n2)/(n1+n2)) (xi-x1)^2 deg freedom Spooled Expt 2 Expt 3 Ex2 (Xi-Xbar)^2 Ex3 (Xi-Xbar)^2 T calc t table Conclusion T calc ? T table, at 95%, two result are (not) considered to be different EDTA Titration of Ca2+ in an unknown solution. # 1 2 CRITERIA (Tentative point distribution may change depending on experiment) Quiz / Homework [NONE} Introduction and Procedures A. Introduction Objective of Expt. Background information. Math relationship used in study. B. Procedures Outline of procedures in Expt. Flow chart pictorial of procedures. Procedural changes. Information (data) to be recorded during experiment. (to be presented in Table form. ) Safety and disposal information. This portion of the report should be turned in before the start of lab class (prelab discussion). Data, Observe. , Results and Calc. C. Data and Observation Data in table form. detailed observations written in th e table. All data entry should contain the proper number of significant figures and units. Data should always be recorded in an organize fashion. Balance chemical equations; all chemical reaction which occurred during an experiment should be written in this section. Then it should also be written in the discussion portion of the report. This portion of the report should be turned in before you leave the laboratory. Calculations Results D. Calculations Sample calculation shown with Excel spreadsheet available with formulas shown Statistical analysis of data and result. Avg, Std dev, RSD, CV E. Results Summary of Result(s) in table form. In this section accuracy of results is very important as well as detailed calculation showing how the result was obtain. Unknown will also be included in this section. Discussion / Conclusions and Post-Lab Questions F. Discussion (Talking points) What is your final result in this experiment. Are the four trials consistent with each other? If not what would account for the inconsistencies? How did the results in this experimental result compare to the result in experiment 2? Is your result for the amount of calcium carbonate in your unknown within the range of 10 – 25 g/L? Elaborate on this. What is the average amount of calcium in tap water, how much more higher is this unknown compared to the average content in tap water (express in %). G. Conclusion Summary of the goal of the experiment and how that goal was achieved in the experiment. H. Post-lab questions or Editorial comment What did you learn in this experiment? What skills in lab practice did you develop through this expt? This portion (Calculation and Discussion) is turned in at the beginning of class of the due-date Overall Presentation (of lab notebook) Lab technique during experiment; example are, class preparation, safety glasses precautions and leaving the laboratory clean. Report presentation: examples are the headings of each report that includes name, title, lab partner, date and section #, witness signature. Legibility of report. Is the report easy to read or is important information jotted down by small print in the corners of the lab report. The overall impression is important. Lab Technique Safety: wear goggles, handle chemicals with caution, proper handling of lab equipment Leave lab clean and tidy Score ______/10 _______ Student’s t ____/5 pts % Score 5 3 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 6 5 Unknown __________% Error Total (This total may be adjusted d epending on lab technique and student conduct in the experiment) 50

A Study On Protestant Reformation History Essay

A Study On Protestant Reformation History Essay With reference to England, Scotland and Germany the extent to which the Protestant Reformation affected the development of their nation states and national identities was not uniform. Each country will be discussed on an individual basis as will agreement or otherwise because although there were similar consequences there were also different results from the Protestant Reformation. To start with reference will be made to Germany first, partly because the Protestant Reformation started there and partly because in many ways it was far more complicated a situation than England and Scotland. Unlike England and Scotland, Germany was not a country that actually existed, let alone having more or less established borders with national institutions, monarchies and a sense of nationality. The only things that the Germans held in common was that they spoke dialects and variations of the same language and that they were under the nominal rule of the Holy Roman Emperor.The Holy Roman Empire was split up into over 300 states of various sizes and importance. These states were keen on maintaining their autonomy from the empire; the Protestant Reformation would provide some of those states with a pretext for increasing their independence (Maland, 1982, p.148). The Protestant Reformation started in Germany rather more by accident than by design in 1517. The Augustinian friar Martin Luther started the process by his protest against indulgences at Wittenberg. Luther was an accomplished theologian and would prove highly capable of writing his views and ideas in German as well as Latin. Luther was astute enough to put things in German to spread his ideas further through pamphlets, books and bibles thus increasing the availability of publications in German. The lack of imperial authority in Germany meant that Luther and the Reformation was able to survive (Roberts, 1996, pp.227-28). The Protestant Reformation had added attraction to the Germans because it gave them a greater sense o f a German identity rather than being subjects of the various states and statelets. Luther had not anticipated all the effects of unleashing that greater sense of being German would be a further division of the German states rather than bringing them closer together. There were also more radical reformers such as Carlstadt that whipped up so much support for radical reform it culminated in the Peasants War. Luther was against such radicalism and tied the Lutheran Reformation closely to the secular rulers to prevent further anarchy. Whilst Luther wrote the majority of his works in German such as the Liberty of a Christian Man, his most radical pamphlet , The Babylonish Captivity of the Church of God remained in Latin. For Luther was plainly aware of the radical effect that putting such works in German could have (Maland, 1986, pp. 88-89). Those princes and states that followed Luther and conformed to the Lutheran Confession of Augsburg formed the Schmakaldic League. Aside from Sax ony the league included Brandenburg, Prussia, and Hesse. They were ranged against the catholic German states and the Emperor. The Protestant Reformation started in Germany but the factors that allowed it to survive effectively prevented the forming of a united German state or the complete success of the Protestant Reformation there (Chadwick, 1990, pp.63-64).

A critical analysis and evaluation of strategy development in the Assignment

A critical analysis and evaluation of strategy development in the global transportation and logistics industry - Assignment Example Rivalry among existing firms – Many organizations belonging to the same industry treat their competitors as rivals. This is so because organizations in the same industry competes each other for various factors which includes resources, customer base, and other associated factors which supports their business operation to gain competitive advantage. Bargaining power of suppliers – during high level of competition suppliers have numerous options for their customers which empowers them with capability to negotiate with their customer organizations on the cost of resources. Bargaining power of consumers – due to increase in number of companies offering same product the consumers gain power to negotiate the price of the product since they have numerous options of companies offering the same product at different prices. Potential development of substitute products – when a new product is launched in the market as a substitute of available products the competition level raises for the latter case (David, 2006, p.92). FedEx Corporation is involved with the logistic services and serves a vast area across the globe with strong logistics capabilities. In the context of the company Porter’s five forces model has several relevant points which the company has considered to meet the challenges of high competitive force posed by its competitors. The company since its inception has significantly performed strategic analysis to remain ahead of its competitors by identifying different crucial aspects of the business and industry requirements. Since the company is fully involved in transferring of goods from one place to another, the threat of new product as its substitute is low. To reduce the threat of high competition from its rival organizations FedEx has continually strengthened its core business requirement, i.e. logistics system to gain customers’ trust. The company faced the threat from the Postal Department in U.S. when people started availing their